Volume icon missing from Taskbar
1] Turn Volume System Icon Off and On
In Windows 10, from the WinX Menu, open Windows Settings > Personalization > Taskbar. Here click on the Turn system icon on or off link.
The Turn System Icons On or Off panel will open, where you can set icons you want to display on the Notification area. Just toggle the slider for Volume to the On position and Exit.
Here you will be able to turn any of the System Icons On or Off in the Windows 10 Taskbar. To access this panel, you can also right-click on the Taskbar > Properties and click on the Notification areas: Customize button. There is no such setting in Windows 11.
2] Restart Explorer
In Windows 11 and Windows 10, you could Restart Explorer and see if it helps.
3] Check Group Policy setting
If this does not help, if your version of Windows 11 or Windows 10 has the Group Policy, Run gpedit.msc to open the Local Group Policy Editor and navigate to the following setting: Now in the right pane, search for the following setting – Remove the volume control icon. When found, double-click on it to open the following panel. Ensure that the policy setting is Not configured or Disabled.
Click on Apply/OK and exit. Hopefully, your Volume icon should be back on your taskbar.
4] Using Registry
In Windows 11 or Windows 10, open Registry Editor and navigate to the following key: Double-click on HideSCAVolume on the right-side and change its value to 0 (zero), and then press OK. See this post if Turn system icons on or off is grayed out. Towards the end of this post, you will see a registry setting which you may have to tweak.